Doubled Haploids: Contributions of Poland’s Academies in Recognizing the Mechanism of Gametophyte Cell Reprogramming and Their Utilization in Breeding of Agricultural and Vegetable Species

Abstract Diverse processes leading to doubled haploid (DH) plant production, such as microspore embryogenesis, gynogenesis, and distant hybridization followed by genome elimination, are based on the unique ability of cells form embryos without fertilization. All these possible because various in vitro culture systems that enable growth development tissues or single outside parental organism. The possibility re-directing cell from its original pathway embryogenesis brings several benefits many research areas, but most important is implementation breeding programs. This review summarizes achievements Polish groups studies mechanisms haploid/DH embryo demonstrates practical applications basic breeding. It shows results economically crops including barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), oilseed rape Brassica napus triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.), oat Avena sativa rye Secale cereale sugar beet Beta vulgaris ssp. some vegetable species, carrot Daucus carota onion Allium cepa red members Brassicaceae.